Answer:
The genes encoding several type III secretion systems reside on pathogenicity islands, which are inserted DNA segments within the chromosome that confer upon the host bacterium a variety of virulence traits, such as the ability to acquire iron and to adhere to or enter host cells.
you discover a fungus that contains a strange star-shaped organelle not found in any other eukaryotic cell you have seen. on further investigation, you find the following. 1. the organelle possesses a small genome in its interior. 2. the organelle is surrounded by two membranes. 3. vesicles do not pinch off from the organelle membrane. 4. the interior of the organelle contains proteins similar to those of many bacteria. 5. the interior of the organelle contains ribosomes. briefly describe how this organelle might have arisen?
The strange star-shaped organelle in the fungus might have arisen through endosymbiosis with a bacterium.
Endosymbiosis is a theory that proposes how eukaryotic cells evolved through the engulfment and integration of certain prokaryotic cells. In this case, the strange star-shaped organelle in the fungus possesses several characteristics that suggest it could have originated through endosymbiosis with a bacterium.
The presence of a small genome in the organelle's interior suggests it retains some genetic material, similar to mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are believed to have originated from endosymbiotic events.
The two membranes surrounding the organelle indicate that it may have been engulfed by the fungal cell, as seen in the engulfment of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The absence of vesicle formation from the organelle membrane suggests that the organelle might have a different mechanism for protein trafficking and secretion compared to other eukaryotic cells.
The presence of bacterial-like proteins within the organelle's interior supports the idea that it originated from the engulfment of a bacterium.
The presence of ribosomes in the organelle indicates its ability to synthesize proteins, similar to mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Overall, these characteristics align with the theory of endosymbiosis, suggesting that the strange star-shaped organelle in the fungus might have originated through the incorporation and integration of a bacterial cell into the fungal cell.
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if a vector not have origin of replication result in what
Answer:
What will be the consequence of not having an origin of replication (ori) in the vector? Explanation: In the case ori is absent, the vector won't be able to replicate
Explanation:
As the replication won't take place, only one of the daughter cells would be having the vector. A colony of transformed colonies won't be obtained.
if a vector does not has the origin of replication result in not doing replication as the unit of replication is Ori.
In the case Ori is absent, the vector may not be capable of replicating. As the replication may not take place, the handiest one of the daughter cells might be having the vector. A colony of converted colonies may not be obtained.
What is transgene?
Of these, the maximum usually used vectors are plasmids. Common to all engineered vectors have a foundation of replication, a multi cloning site, and a selectable marker. The vector itself is normally a DNA series that includes an insert (transgene) and a bigger series that serves as the "backbone" of the vector.
Thus it is clear that if a vector does not have an origin of replication result in nonreplicating.
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Name one process that helps to create unique cells during meiosis.
Answer:
Processes:
Explanation:
Prophase I, Prometaphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and finally, Telophase II and Cytokinesis.
what is a gene?
a. a series of amino acids.
b. a segment of a DNA molecule.
c. a segment of a protein.
d. a series of DNA molecules.
Answer:
b. a segment of a DNA molecule.
Answer:
a segment of a DNA molecule.
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Mistletoe steals nutrients and ____ from its host plant.
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Water
ANSWER AND QUESTION.....
Mistletoe steals nutrients and """water"""
from its host plant.
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Water
Mistletoe is the common name for obligate hemiparasitic plants in the order Santalales. They are attached to their host tree or shrub by a structure called the haustorium, through which they extract water and nutrients from the host plant. Their parasitic lifestyle has led to some dramatic changes in their metabolism.
Explanation:
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Complete the following paragraph:
Antibody-mediated immunity works mainly against --EXTRACELLULAR** pathogens, which include any bacteria, fungi or viruses that are in the extracellular fluids of the body. B cells respond to unprocessed antigens, but their response is more intense if they process the antigen and receive costimulation by --helper-- T cells. Once activated, B cells produce clones of --plasma-- cells and memory cells which reside in lymphatic tissues (such as MALT, lymph nodes and spleen). Plasma cells produce --antibodies--, which leave the lymphatic tissue and circulate in body fluids. Antibodies can be grouped into --five-- classes each with specific biological roles. Actions of antibodies include neutralization, immobilization, agglutination and precipitation of antigen. In addition, antibodies can activate --complement-- and enhance phagocytosis.
Antibody-mediated immunity targets extracellular pathogens through the production of specific antibodies that neutralize, eliminate, and enhance immune responses, providing defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the body.
Antibody-mediated immunity works mainly against extracellular pathogens, which include any bacteria, fungi, or viruses that are in the extracellular fluids of the body. B cells respond to unprocessed antigens, but their response is more intense if they process the antigen and receive costimulation by helper T cells. Once activated, B cells produce clones of plasma cells and memory cells which reside in lymphatic tissues (such as MALT, lymph nodes, and spleen). Plasma cells produce antibodies, which leave the lymphatic tissue and circulate in body fluids. Antibodies can be grouped into five classes, each with specific biological roles.
The five classes of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response and is effective in activating complement and agglutination. IgG is the most abundant antibody and provides long-term immunity by neutralizing toxins and promoting opsonization for phagocytosis. IgA is found in bodily secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing localized defense on mucosal surfaces. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and defends against parasites. IgD's function is not fully understood but it is believed to play a role in B cell activation.
Actions of antibodies include neutralization, where they bind to and block the activity of pathogens, immobilization by preventing pathogen movement, agglutination by clumping pathogens together for easier elimination, and precipitation of antigens out of solution. In addition, antibodies can activate complement, a group of proteins that help destroy pathogens, and enhance phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment by immune cells.
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3. Please rank the following topics from most to least interesting: (Fire Ecology - (FE), Noise Pollution and Mitigation Strategies (NP), College Majors and Careers in the Environment (CC), Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GP), EcoTourism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hydrophobic substances question 13 options: a) can easily diffuse through lipid bilayers b) require transmembrane channels to diffuse through lipid bilayers c) are blocked by the hydrophilic core of a lipid bilayer d) are selectively transported across lipid bilayers.
The correct option is (a). Hydrophobic substances can easily diffuse through lipid bilayers. A lipid bilayer is a double layer of lipids that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes.
Hydrophobic substances can easily diffuse through lipid bilayers. A lipid bilayer is a double layer of lipids that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. A lipid bilayer consists of two layers of hydrophobic (water-repelling) phospholipids, which face inward and surround a layer of hydrophilic (water-loving) molecules. The membrane is selectively permeable to allow the exchange of specific materials in and out of the cell. Small, uncharged molecules, such as hydrophobic substances, can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic molecules are repelled by water molecules and attracted to lipid molecules, allowing them to diffuse through the membrane. Some examples of hydrophobic molecules that can easily diffuse through lipid bilayers include carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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what is carrying capacity related too
Answer:
The number of organisms which can survive to the resources within an ecosystem.
Explanation:
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At which classification level could two organisms belonging to the same group have the LEAST
in common?
class
family
order
species
Explanation:
Species but dot take my word on it is was an educated guess
Answer:
Explanation:
Species
kingdom is further split into phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, and species, which is the smallest group.
The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy and the groups making up the classification hierarchy are called taxa.
Choose the true statement about sources of air pollution in the United States.
a. Natural sources contribute over half of air pollution emissions.
b. Mobile sources are non-point sources of air pollution.
c. Air pollution levels remain fairly consistent across the country.
d. Lead in the atmosphere is the result of refrigeration and using aerosol sprays.
The true statement about sources of air pollution in the United States is that mobile sources are non-point sources of air pollution.
Answer choice b is correct. Mobile sources, such as cars, trucks, and other forms of transportation, are considered non-point sources of air pollution. Non-point sources refer to dispersed and widespread sources that contribute to pollution over a large area. Mobile sources emit pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM), which contribute to air pollution.
Answer choices a, c, and d are incorrect. Natural sources do contribute to air pollution, but they do not account for over half of the emissions. Air pollution levels vary across the country depending on various factors such as industrial activities, population density, and geographical conditions. Lead in the atmosphere is primarily the result of past emissions from activities like leaded gasoline combustion and industrial processes, rather than refrigeration or aerosol sprays.
In summary, mobile sources are non-point sources of air pollution in the United States, emitting pollutants that contribute to the overall air pollution levels in the country.
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Answer:
Choose the true statement about sources of air pollution in the United States.
Stationary sources of air pollution are also point sources.
Mobile sources contribute about half of man-made pollution emissions.
Non-point sources of air pollution are easier to monitor and control.
Natural sources of air pollution include household products.
Explanation:
Stationary sources of air pollution are also point sources.
Describe two ways in which bacteria and the fungus Penicillium are similar and two ways they are different.
The ways in which, bacteria and the fungus Penicillium are similar is; Microscopic organisms, Environmental presence, and the ways in which, bacteria and the fungus Penicillium are different is; Cell type and structure, Mode of nutrition.
Similarities between bacteria and the fungus Penicillium;
Microscopic organisms; Both bacteria and Penicillium are microscopic organisms. They cannot be seen with the glance and require a microscope for observation.
Environmental presence; Both bacteria and Penicillium can be found in a wide range of environments. They are highly adaptable and can thrive in various habitats, including soil, water, air, and even the human body.
Differences between bacteria and the fungus Penicillium;
Cell type and structure; Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, which means they lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They have a simpler cell structure compared to the eukaryotic fungus Penicillium. Penicillium has complex cellular structures, including a well-defined nucleus and various organelles.
Mode of nutrition; Bacteria and Penicillium differ in their modes of nutrition. Bacteria can be autotrophic, obtaining energy through photosynthesis, or heterotrophic, obtaining energy by consuming organic matter. In contrast, Penicillium is a heterotrophic fungus, obtaining nutrients by absorbing organic matter from its surroundings.
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Neuromodulation is the release of chemicals (other than ____________ ) from cells that locally regulate or alter the response of neurons to neurotransmitters. The substances released are called ____________ . Neuromodulation generally results in either facilitation or inhibition. When there is greater response from a postsynaptic neuron because of the release of neuromodulators it is ____________ . This may result from either ____________ amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft or ____________ number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons. When there is less response from a postsynaptic neuron because of the release of neuromodulators, it is called ____________ . This results from either ____________ amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft or ____________ number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
Answer:
Neurotransmitters; neuromodulators; facilitation; an increased; an increased; inhibition; a decreased; a decreased.
Explanation:
In Biology, stimulus can be defined as an obvious change in either the chemical or physical structure of an organism' environment (either external or internal). Thus, all living organisms (both animals and plants) respond to changes in their environment and consequently, an appropriate response or reaction is made. Also, stimulus arising from within the organism is known as internal stimulus while those from its environment are known as the external stimulus.
In organisms, the specialized cells that detect stimulus are generally known as sensory receptors while a group of these receptors is referred to as sense organ.
Neuromodulation is the release of chemicals (other than neurotransmitters ) from cells that locally regulate or alter the response of neurons to neurotransmitters. The substances released are called neuromodulators. Neuromodulation generally results in either facilitation or inhibition. When there is greater response from a postsynaptic neuron because of the release of neuromodulators it is facilitation. This may result from either an increased amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft or an increased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons. When there is less response from a postsynaptic neuron because of the release of neuromodulators, it is called inhibition. This results from either a decreased amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft or a decreased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
will jaws of life damage the environment
Answer:
No
Explanation:
This tool does not effect the environment because it doesn't contain any harmful chemicals that would interfere with the environment's well being.
The jaws of life does not damage the environment.
What are jaws of life?It is basically the rescue tool that are applied for the difficult and the emergency situations like when the car is crushed. Moroever, the tool does not impact the environment because it does not comprise of any harmful chemicals that impact the well-being of the environment.
Therefore, The jaws of life does not damage the environment.
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In the embryonic stage, which of the following develops before other parts of the body?
a) The head
b) The foot
c) The spine
d) The stomach
The head develops before other parts of the body in the embryonic stage. The correct option is a.
During embryonic development, the head is one of the first structures to form before other parts of the body. This early development of the head is a fundamental aspect of vertebrate embryogenesis. The process starts with the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system, including the brain.
The development of the neural tube occurs early in embryogenesis and serves as a foundation for the subsequent development of other organ systems.
As the neural tube develops, it gives rise to the structures of the head, including the brain, face, and sensory organs. This initial development of the head provides the framework for the formation of other structures and systems in the body, such as the spinal cord, limbs, and internal organs.
While other parts of the body, such as the foot, spine, and stomach, will eventually develop during subsequent stages of embryonic development, the head takes priority in terms of early formation. The correct option is a.
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1) Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions.
The countries which do not have oil reservoirs in their land, import oil from other countries. But sometimes during transportation of oil through sea routes, accidental oil spill occurs. This oil spilled in the ocean may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic animals. Therefore, removal of this spilled oil is essential for protection of aquatic life. For removing this oil layer, certain microbes like Pseudomonas spp and Alcanivorax borkumensis are used. These microbes have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other toxic chemicals. The hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) are able to decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbons with oxygen resulting in formation of CO2 and water. Like oil spills cause damage
to aquatic life, plastic forms the major part of the garbage on the land. Plastics are difficult to degrade as they are made up of PET, by research various species like Vibrio and Ideonella sakaiensis which can degrade PET have been identified. There are certain species of microbes which can decompose rubber from garbage.
a) How are aquatic organisms affected by oil spills in the ocean?
b) Which type of chemical compounds are degraded by microbes used for
clearing oil spills?
c) Name any two species of microbes which can degrade rubber from
garbage.
d) Why should there be a ban on plastic bags?
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
a) How are aquatic organisms affected by oil spills in the ocean?
Aquatic organisms are affected by oil spilled as it is fatal and toxic to them. It can cause death, habitat degradation, vulnerability to predators and can also lead to the inability to hatch their eggs.
b) Which type of chemical compounds are degraded by microbes used for
clearing oil spills?
The chemical compound degraded by microbes are clearing oil spills are Pseudomonas spp and Alcanivorax borkumensis.
c) Name any two species of microbes which can degrade rubber from
garbage.
These are Vibrio and Ideonella sakaiensis.
d) Why should there be a ban on plastic bags?
There should be a ban on plastic bags as they're difficult to degrade as they are made up of PET.
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Granite is formed when _____. limestone is changed by heat and pressure sediment is cemented with calcite magma cools under the surface of the Earth lava spills onto the Earth's surface and cools
Answer:
Granite is formed when molten magma flows and cools underground.
Explanation:
Granite is an intrusive igneous rock, so it forms underground.
Answer:
Granite is formed when molten magma flows and cools underground.
Explanation:
The igneous rock granite could be pressed below the Earth's surface until it changes into the metamorphic rock gneiss.
Examine the following scenarios and label population growth regulation as: DD) Density Dependent or DI) Density Independent (1.5 pts) a. A tornado in Oklahoma wipes out a population of scrub pine trees. b. b. Adelie penguin mating pair cannot lay eggs because all the nesting sites are being occupied by other mating pairs. c. A pack of hyenas chase & take down 10 gazelles from a larger herd.
The labelling of population growth regulation as; Tornado wiping out a population of scrub pine trees are Density Independent, Adelie penguin mating pair cannot lay eggs due to occupied nesting sites are Density Dependent, and Pack of hyenas chasing and taking down gazelles from a larger herd are Density Dependent.
Tornado wiping out a population of scrub pine trees: DI (Density Independent)
Tornadoes are natural disasters that can cause widespread destruction and affect populations regardless of their size or density. The impact of a tornado on the scrub pine tree population is not directly influenced by the density of the population. Therefore, this scenario is an example of density-independent regulation.
Adelie penguin mating pair cannot lay eggs due to occupied nesting sites: DD (Density Dependent)
In this scenario, the availability of nesting sites directly affects the ability of the Adelie penguin mating pair to lay eggs. As the nesting sites become occupied by other mating pairs, the density of the population increases, leading to competition for limited resources. The regulation of mating pair reproduction based on the density of the population is an example of density-dependent regulation.
Pack of hyenas chasing and taking down gazelles from a larger herd: DD (Density Dependent)
The behavior of the pack of hyenas in chasing and taking down gazelles is directly influenced by the density of the gazelle population. As the herd size increases, there are more potential prey available, leading to increased hunting success for the hyenas. Therefore, this scenario exemplifies density-dependent regulation, as the predator-prey interaction is influenced by the density of the gazelle population.
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Is there a way to investigate whether our predictions about genotypes are accurate?
Answer:
Test Crosses. A test cross is utilized to decide the genotype of a person with a attribute.
Explanation:
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Which of the following is the specific part of the antigen that antibodies bind to?
a. immunogen
b. epitope
c. hopanoid
d. hapten
The portion of the antigen known as the immunogen that antibodies specifically attach. These bonds could be Van der Waals forces, electrostatic bonds, or hydrogen bonds. Hence (a) is the correct option.
The location where an antigen binds to an antibody is created by the CDRs of the heavy and light chains juxtaposed on the surface of the antibody molecule. The particular antigen-binding location in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope interacts with the spot of an antigen molecule called an epitope, which is referred to as an antigenic determinant. S. aureus possesses a protein called protein A on its cell wall that can bind antibodies of any specificity.
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during which stages of the cell cycle does a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids
Answer:
Anaphase
Explanation:
each chromosome is composed of two chromatids
Answer:
Throughout inter phase, nuclear DNA remains in a semi-condensed chromatin configuration. In the S phase (synthesis phase), DNA replication results in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome-sister chromatids- that are firmly attached at the centromere region.
Explanation:
Which of the following sentences are the best short summary for a flashlight?A A flashlight flashlight has has many many uses.uses.A A flashlight flashlight is is able able to to create create light light energy, energy, which which allows allows us us to to see see in in the the dark.dark.A A flashlight flashlight is is a a necessary necessary tool tool for for every every household.household.A A flashlight flashlight is is a a portable, portable, battery-battery-operated operated device device that that makes makes light.light.
Answer:
The last one
Explanation:
Flashlight is a portable, battery-operated device that makes light.
A flashlight is a portable, battery operated device that makes light is the best short summary for a flashlight.
What are the features of flashlight?A flashlight or torch is a portable hand-held electric lamp. Formerly, the light source typically was a miniature incandescent light bulb, but these have been displaced by light-emitting diodes since the mid-2000s.
The three main features for a flashlight are Dimensions, Battery, and Light. Each of these characteristics are very important when it comes to selecting a flashlight.
Flashlights are used as a light source outdoors, in places without permanently installed lighting, during power outages, or when a portable light source is needed.
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Describe the process of photosynthesis, in your own words.
Answer:
Photosynthesis is process by which green plants manufacture their food by making use of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
I Now Give Up On Life :) Don't Try And Stop Me
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An advantage of disposing of municipal solid waste in a landfill rather than in an
incinerator is that, unlike incinerators, landfills
can be used to generate electricity
do not require electricity to operate
do not contribute greatly to smog or acid rain
can store hazardous materials such as motor oils and pesticides
the use electricity more
Answer:
I and III only
Explain the parts of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.
Fake answers will be reported
Answer:
more individuals are produced each generation that can survive. phenotypic variation exists among individuals and variation is heritable. those individuals with heritable trails better suited to the environment will survive.
suppose two parents, a father with the genotype aabbccddee and a mother with the genotype aabbccddee, want to have children. assume each locus follows mendelian inheritance patterns for dominance.
When considering the genotype of the parents aabbccddee and aabbccddee, it can be concluded that all their offspring would be of the same genotype aabbccddee.
Same genotype is because the parents are homozygous, meaning they carry two copies of the recessive allele at each locus that has two alternative alleles.Based on the information given, all of the children will inherit two recessive alleles at each locus because the parents have only recessive alleles.
Mendelian inheritance states that traits are inherited from parents in a predictable manner.
The father's aabbccddee genotype means that he is homozygous recessive for every locus. The mother's aabbccddee genotype also means that she is homozygous recessive for every locus.The Punnett square, on the other hand, is used to determine the potential genotypes of the children.When two parents are homozygous for the recessive allele, their offspring is also homozygous for the recessive allele. In this case, it means that all of their children will inherit two copies of the recessive allele at each locus.
Therefore, all of their children will have aabbccddee genotype.
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What is your opinion on the use of CRISPR on germ-line cells and why?
A. 2-3 sentences
B. 1-2 sentences for your opinion and 1-2 sentences for your supporting evidence.
Answer: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/
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Which of the following is made up of 90% water, and 10% dissolved
materials like nutrients, minerals, vitamins, digested food, and salts? *
red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
O platelets
Answer:
Plasma
Explanation:
The blood is a key part of the circulatory system. It is a tissue composed of cells that make it up. The blood contains the following components namely; plasma, red blood cells/erythrocytes, white blood cells/leukocytes, and platelets/thrombocytes.
The plasma is referred to as the "liquid" part of the blood and makes up the major part of the blood tissue. The plasma contains 90% water, and 10% dissolved materials like nutrients, minerals, vitamins, digested food, and salts. Hence, based on this question, the answer is PLASMA.