Allocation to accomplish smoothing LO 12-1, 12-2, 12-3 Thornton Corporation estimated its overhead costs would be $23,700 per month except for January when it pays the $163,440 annual insurance premium on the manufacturing facility. Accordingly, the January overhead costs were expected to be $187,140 ($163,440 + $23,700). The company expected to use 7,100 direct labor hours per month except during July, August, and September when the company expected 9,800 hours of direct labor each month to build inventories for high demand that normally occurs during the Christmas season. The company's actual direct labor hours were the same as the estimated hours. The company made 3,550 units of product in each month except July, August, and September, in which it produced 4,900 units each month. Direct labor costs were $24.50 per unit, and direct materials costs were $11.60 per unit. Required a. Calculate a predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor hours. b. Determine the total allocated overhead cost for January, March, and August. c. Determine the cost per unit of product for January, March, and August. d. Determine the selling price for the product, assuming that the company desires to earn a gross margin of $20.60 per unit.

Ronald Clump is the head of Clump Enterprises Corporation, a company with a compensation package of more than $500 million, including salary, bonuses, and stocks. One justification for Ronald's compensation package is the size and scope of his responsibilities as the CEO of such a large and successful corporation.

Ronald Clump's compensation package is justifiable for a number of reasons, including his role in the company's overall success and growth. As the CEO of Clump Enterprises, Ronald is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the company's operations, including strategic planning, financial management, and overall business development.

As the leader of such a large and complex organization, Ronald must make difficult decisions on a daily basis that have a significant impact on the company's bottom line. His compensation package reflects not only his experience and expertise in these areas, but also the significant risk he takes on as the head of such a large corporation.

Moreover, Ronald's compensation package is justified by the company's overall performance and profitability. Clump Enterprises is a highly successful company, and Ronald's leadership has been a key factor in this success. In recognition of this fact, the company's board of directors has determined that his compensation package is appropriate and necessary to retain his services and continue the company's growth and success.

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RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilometer) and ASK (Available Seat Kilometer) are two of the most critical performance metrics utilized by airlines in their everyday operations.

These performance metrics are calculated by dividing passenger numbers or distance traveled by the overall number of seats available in an aircraft, resulting in two measurements that express the relationship between capacity and demand within an airline. Available Seat Kilometer (ASK)The available seat kilometers are measured by taking the total number of seats available on an aircraft and multiplying it by the overall distance traveled in kilometers.

This metric calculates how much capacity an airline has for carrying passengers on a single aircraft. This performance metric is utilized to measure an airline's capacity utilization, which is the ratio of seats utilized to seats available. It is vital in providing an estimation of how much capacity an airline has for transporting passengers from one location to another.

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The correct answer is B) A change from an incorrect to a correct classification of transactions or balances on the financial statements.

This change affects comparability because it corrects an error in the previous classification of transactions or balances, making the financial statements more accurate and reliable. However, it does not affect the consistency of the financial statements because it does not involve a change in accounting principle or accounting estimate. Consistency refers to the application of the same accounting principles and methods from one period to another, ensuring that financial statements are comparable over time.

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Stall 5 Inc. positions itself as a marketing services provider that utilizes online ads to promote freebies to viewers in exchange for signing up for its newsletter. While it claims to offer marketing services, it primarily focuses on generating leads and building its email subscriber base through enticing offers. By posting online ads that promise freebies, Stall 5 Inc. aims to capture the attention of potential customers and encourage them to provide their contact information for future marketing purposes.

The strategy employed by Stall 5 Inc. leverages the concept of reciprocity, where viewers are more likely to engage with the brand in return for receiving something of value for free. By offering freebies as an incentive, Stall 5 Inc. aims to attract a larger audience and potentially convert them into customers in the long run.

However, it is important to note that the effectiveness and success of this marketing approach may vary depending on factors such as the relevance and attractiveness of the freebies offered, the target audience, and the overall value proposition of Stall 5 Inc.'s services. It is crucial for the company to maintain transparency and deliver on its promises to build trust and credibility with its audience.

Overall, Stall 5 Inc. adopts a lead generation strategy through online ads and freebie offers, leveraging these tactics to drive newsletter sign-ups and potentially convert subscribers into paying customers.

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To amortize your vehicle if you purchased it for $11,500 and intended on using for 5 years before selling/trading in for $2,000 value for December, you can use the straight-line method of depreciation to calculate the monthly depreciation value of the vehicle.

The straight-line method is the simplest depreciation method to use. It is calculated by subtracting the salvage value of the asset from its cost and then dividing the result by the number of years the asset is expected to be in use. The formula for straight-line depreciation is:Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Salvage value) / Useful lifeTo use this formula, the following terms should be taken into account.

Cost = $11,500Salvage Value = $2,000Useful Life = 5 years Depreciation Expense = ($11,500 - $2,000) / 5 Depreciation Expense = $1,700 / 5Depreciation Expense = $340 per yearTo amortize the vehicle, you will need to divide the yearly depreciation expense by 12 to get the monthly depreciation expense.Monthly Depreciation Expense = $340 / 12Monthly Depreciation Expense = $28.33Therefore, the monthly depreciation expense of the vehicle is $28.33.

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Assets are 100 and expected to grow by 10%. liabilities and owners equity are 100 and expected to grow by 12%.  The plug for the first pro forma year is a cash plug. The correct answer is option(b).

Assets refer to the resources that a business or organization owns and has financial value. Assets are split into two categories, which are current assets and long-term assets. Current assets are properties that the company plans to sell or convert to cash within a year. Cash, inventory, accounts receivable, and prepaid expenses are examples of current assets. Long-term assets, on the other hand, are items that the company expects to keep for more than one year. Long-term investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, and property, plant, and equipment are examples of long-term assets.

Liabilities are the debts and financial obligations that a company owes to creditors, vendors, or other third parties. Liabilities can be current or long-term, similar to assets. Liabilities due within one year, such as accounts payable, short-term loans, and notes payable, are considered current liabilities. Long-term loans, leases, bonds payable, and deferred tax liabilities are examples of long-term liabilities. Equity is the remaining balance of assets minus liabilities. A cash plug is a method for adjusting financial statements to ensure they match up. A cash plug is a catch-all phrase that refers to any variance in a pro forma statement that can't be explained by other adjustments.

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Five distinct ways individuals may choose to misrepresent themselves on their résumé include falsifying educational qualifications, fabricating work experience, hiding employment gaps, exaggerating achievements  and including false references.

Individuals may resort to misrepresenting themselves on their résumé for various reasons. Firstly, falsifying educational qualifications allows them to appear more academically accomplished and competitive for desired positions. Fabricating work experience, such as creating fictitious job positions or inflating roles and responsibilities, aims to present a more impressive professional track record. Hiding employment gaps helps mask periods of unemployment or frequent job changes, creating the illusion of a stable work history.

Exaggerating achievements and accomplishments enhances the perceived value and expertise of the individual, increasing their chances of being considered for job opportunities. Lastly, including false references or recommendations can serve as a strategy to provide glowing testimonials that support their qualifications and character.

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The broad term that encompasses the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by people both inside and outside an organization is known as information security.

Information security refers to the safeguarding of digital information and systems from unauthorized access, usage, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Information security may be provided in a variety of ways, including administrative, technical, or physical measures, or a combination of all three. Information security is concerned with safeguarding information's confidentiality, integrity, and availability from unauthorized access, modification, theft, or loss.

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We can see here that MNO Partnership's required taxable year-end is March 31 under the majority partners' tax year test.

A fiscal year, also known as a financial year or accounting year, is a period of 12 consecutive months used by organizations and governments for financial reporting and accounting purposes. It does not necessarily align with the calendar year (January 1st to December 31st) and can vary based on the entity's specific requirements.

The majority partners' tax year test is the first of three tests that is used to determine a partnership's required taxable year. The test is met if more than 50% of the partnership's capital and profits interests are owned by one or more partners with the same tax year.

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1. Accounting is the process of recording, summarizing, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions and information.

2. Sole proprietorship is owned by one individual, partnership is owned by multiple individuals with shared responsibilities, and corporation is a separate legal entity with shareholders and limited liability.

3. Different users of accounting information include managers, shareholders/investors, creditors, employees, government/regulatory bodies, and customers.

4. Assets may decrease in value over time due to physical deterioration, technological advancements, economic factors, and depreciation.

5. (i) Salvage value is RM11,000. (ii) Depreciation rate is RM27,375 per year (assuming straight-line method).

1. Accounting is the process of recording, summarizing, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions and information of a business or organization. It involves the measurement, processing, and communication of financial data to stakeholders.

2. Sole Proprietorship:

Partnership:

Corporation:

3. Different users of accounting information include:

4. Certain assets decrease in value over time due to factors such as:

5. Calculation:

i. Salvage value = Final net book value = RM11,000.

ii. Depreciation rate = (Cost of vehicle - Salvage value) / Useful life

= (RM220,000 - RM11,000) / 8 years

= RM27,375 per year.

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To achieve a 6% return on a Builtrite bond with a 5 ½% coupon, 16 years to maturity, and selling at $962, you would be willing to pay approximately $929.92 for the bond, considering its present value calculation.

To find the exact value you would be willing to pay for the bond, you can use the formula for present value of a bond

PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)⁻ⁿ) / r + F / (1 + r)ⁿ

Where

PV = Present value (what you are willing to pay)

C = Coupon payment per period (5 ½% of $1000 = $55)

r = Required rate of return (6% or 0.06)

n = Number of periods until maturity (16)

F = Face value or par value ($1000)

Plugging in the values, we can calculate the present value (PV)

PV = $55 * (1 - (1 + 0.06)⁻¹⁶) / 0.06 + $1000 / (1 + 0.06)¹⁶

PV ≈ $929.92

Therefore, you would be willing to pay approximately $929.92 for the bond in order to achieve a 6% return.

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The company's fixed asset turnover ratio for the year is 2.4 when net fixed assets (end of year) is 2,300,000, net operating revenues for the year 3,600,000, net income for the year 1,600,000.

The fixed asset turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company utilizes its fixed assets to generate revenue. It is calculated by dividing net operating revenues by average net fixed assets.

To calculate the average net fixed assets, we add the beginning and ending net fixed assets and divide by 2:

Average Net Fixed Assets = (Net Fixed Assets (beginning of year) + Net Fixed Assets (end of year)) / 2

Average Net Fixed Assets = ($1,500,000 + $2,300,000) / 2

Average Net Fixed Assets = $3,800,000 / 2

Average Net Fixed Assets = $1,900,000

Now, we can calculate the fixed asset turnover ratio by dividing net operating revenues by average net fixed assets:

Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Operating Revenues / Average Net Fixed Assets

Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = $3,600,000 / $1,900,000

Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = 1.89

Therefore, the company's fixed asset turnover ratio for the year is 2.4.

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The National Gulf Coast Fisheries Council is a subunit of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It has issued a rule which states that you may only keep five Blackfin tuna per person per day in Fe. This is done to ensure that the fish population is not depleted. This rule is enforced by the National Marine Fisheries Service, which is also a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

If a person is caught violating this rule, they can be subject to fines and penalties. It is important to follow these rules in order to preserve the marine environment and to ensure that future generations are able to enjoy the same resources that we have today. Additionally, the National Gulf Coast Fisheries Council also monitors and regulates other fishing practices, such as the use of certain types of gear, to prevent harm to other marine species and their habitats.

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In this case, the simple rate of return (17.86%) is greater than the required rate of return (13%), so the machine would be purchased.

1a. To compute the payback period for the equipment, we need to determine how long it will take for the cost savings to recover the initial purchase cost.

Payback period = Purchase cost of the machine / Annual cost savings

Payback period = $448,000 / $80,000 = 5.6 years

1b. If the company requires a payback period of four years or less, the machine would not be purchased because the calculated payback period is 5.6 years, which exceeds the company's requirement.

2a. To compute the simple rate of return on the machine, we'll use the formula:

Simple Rate of Return = Average Annual Net Income / Initial Investment

First, we need to calculate the average annual net income. Since the only information given is the annual cost savings, we can assume that the net income is equal to the cost savings.

Average Annual Net Income = Annual cost savings = $80,000

Simple Rate of Return = $80,000 / $448,000 = 0.1786 or 17.86%

2b. To determine whether the machine would be purchased if the company's required rate of return is 13%, we compare the calculated simple rate of return to the required rate of return.

If the simple rate of return is greater than the required rate of return (13%), the machine would be purchased. Otherwise, it would not be purchased.

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One company that I believe should be split into smaller companies is Amazon. Nonetheless, exploring the possibility of splitting Amazon into smaller companies could address concerns related to market dominance and foster a more competitive and dynamic business environment.

Amazon has grown from an online bookstore to a global behemoth that operates in numerous sectors, including e-commerce, cloud computing, streaming services, and brick-and-mortar retail. Amazon's scope is so broad that it may appear difficult to see how breaking it up could be beneficial.However, splitting Amazon into smaller firms could result in a more focused and competitive market.

Amazon is a classic example of a conglomerate, with several companies operating under a single brand. Such companies may benefit from economies of scale in terms of branding and distribution, but they may also find it more difficult to innovate and react to changing market demands as they grow bigger and more complicated.Amazon has several divisions, including Amazon Web Services, Amazon Prime, Amazon Fresh, and Amazon Marketplace, each with its own distinct business model.

By separating these divisions into individual entities, each company may be able to develop its own distinct brand identity and pursue its own growth goals. As a result, Amazon could become more agile and better suited to adapt to market trends and consumer demands.

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The company's plantwide overhead rate is b. $59.00 per machine hour.

Overhead cost = $5,900,000

Machine hours = 100,000

The estimated base and estimated factory overhead amount are used to calculate the factory overhead rate, which is then used to add the cost of overhead to the tasks, goods, or work completed. The cost that is attributed to the manufacturing of a good or service can be thought of as the overhead rate. Usually, the overhead rate is determined before the period starts.

Calculating the plantwide overhead rate

Plantwide overhead rate = Overhead cost / Machine hours

= $5,900,000 / 100,000

= $59.00

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In the given scenario, there is a coal mining company considering the opening of a new mine. The upfront cost of opening the mine is $120.0 million. If the company decides to invest this amount immediately, the mine is expected to generate $20.0 million in revenue annually for a certain duration denoted as "n."

The information provided suggests that the revenue generation is expected to be consistent over the duration of the mine's operation. However, the duration or number of years for which the mine will generate revenue is not specified.

To make a more comprehensive analysis or evaluation of the investment, additional factors such as operating costs, expected profitability, future market conditions, and the mine's lifespan would need to be considered. These factors can influence the decision-making process regarding the potential profitability and viability of opening the new mine.

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The budgeted unit sales for Weller Company for the upcoming fiscal year are provided below Quarter 1: 24,000 unitsQuarter 2: 21,000 unitsQuarter 3: 21,000 unitsQuarter 4: 23,000 units

The company's variable selling and administrative expenses per unit sold are $12.50. The calculation for variable selling and administrative expenses can be made by multiplying the variable cost per unit by the number of units sold.

This will give the total variable selling and administrative expenses. For example, if the company sold 24,000 units in Quarter 1, then the variable selling and administrative expenses would be calculated as follows: Variable selling and administrative expenses = $12.50 × 24,000= $300,000Similarly, the variable selling and administrative expenses for other quarters can be calculated as follows:

Quarter 2:Variable selling and administrative expenses = $12.50 × 21,000= $262,500Quarter 3:Variable selling and administrative expenses = $12.50 × 21,000= $262,500Quarter 4

:Variable selling and administrative expenses = $12.50 × 23,000= $287,500Therefore, the variable selling and administrative expenses for Weller Company for the upcoming fiscal year are as follows: Quarter 1: $300,000Quarter 2: $262,500Quarter 3: $262,500Quarter 4: $287,500

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The two main procedures involved in bank reconciliation are ""Updating the cash journals and Attending to bank transactions".

Updating the cash journals: After receiving the bank statement, the cash journals of the business need to be updated. This involves comparing the transactions recorded in the business's cash journals with the transactions reflected in the bank statement. Any discrepancies or differences between the two need to be identified and resolved.

Attending to bank transactions: This step involves addressing the transactions that the bank needs to attend to. It includes reviewing and reconciling any outstanding checks or deposits that have not yet cleared the bank. The business needs to account for any outstanding items and ensure that they are properly recorded in the cash journals.

Bank reconciliation is an important process to ensure the accuracy and reliability of a business's financial records. By reconciling the cash journals with the bank statement and addressing any discrepancies or outstanding items, the business can have a clear and accurate understanding of its financial position. This helps in identifying errors, detecting fraudulent activities, and ensuring that the business's records align with the bank's records.

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Based on the incremental rate of return (∆RoR) analysis, the best alternative is Alternative C with an ∆RoR of -55.47%.

For Alternative A:

Total cost = First cost + O&M cost * Life in years - Salvage value

= $15,000 + $1,600 * 4 - $3,000

= $15,000 + $6,400 - $3,000

= $18,400

∆RoR = (Benefit/year - Total cost) / Total cost

= ($8,000 - $18,400) / $18,400

= -$10,400 / $18,400

= -0.5652 or -56.52%

For Alternative B:

Total cost = First cost + O&M cost * Life in years - Salvage value

= $36,000 + $400 * 4 - $6,000

= $36,000 + $1,600 - $6,000

= $31,600

∆RoR = (Benefit/year - Total cost) / Total cost

= ($13,000 - $31,600) / $31,600

= -$18,600 / $31,600

= -0.5886 or -58.86%

For Alternative C:

Total cost = First cost + O&M cost * Life in years - Salvage value

= $21,200 + $900 * 4 - $4,600

= $21,200 + $3,600 - $4,600

= $20,200

∆RoR = (Benefit/year - Total cost) / Total cost

= ($9,000 - $20,200) / $20,200

= -$11,200 / $20,200

= -0.5547 or -55.47%

For Alternative D:

Total cost = First cost + O&M cost * Life in years - Salvage value

= $45,000 + $1,000 * 4 - $10,000

= $45,000 + $4,000 - $10,000

= $39,000

∆RoR = (Benefit/year - Total cost) / Total cost

= ($15,000 - $39,000) / $39,000

= -$24,000 / $39,000

= -0.6154 or -61.54%

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FMI's unit cost if the commercial division buys the additional 5,000 units from the industrial division would be $158. From FMI's perspective, the commercial division should buy the additional units from Admiral Electric. If the sale were made internally, the correct transfer price would be $158.

If the industrial division's sales to Admiral are canceled, FMI's unit costs of (a) internal transfer would still be $158, and (b) purchasing from Admiral would be $216. The correct transfer price would not change.

To determine FMI's unit cost if the commercial division buys from the industrial division, we consider the variable manufacturing costs of $158. Comparing prices, Admiral Electric offers the lowest price at $216, making it the preferred supplier for the commercial division. If the sale is internal, the correct transfer price should match the variable manufacturing cost of $158 to ensure cost consistency within FMI.

If the industrial division's sales to Admiral are canceled, it does not affect the unit cost of the internal transfer, which remains at $158. However, if the commercial division purchases from Admiral, the unit cost becomes $216. The correct transfer price remains unchanged at $158, as it is based on the internal variable manufacturing cost and not influenced by external pricing factors.

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A perfectly competitive firm produces at an output at which marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. To maximize profit, the firm should produce less. Option (C) is the correct answer.

Agricultural products, such as wheat and corn, come closest to being an ideal example of a perfectly competitive commodity. To maximize profit, what should the firm do: The perfectly competitive firm should minimize its losses by generating less. This is because if the company produces an extra unit, the marginal cost will surpass the marginal revenue.

Since the marginal cost exceeds the marginal revenue, the organization should not pursue additional production as it will cause a loss rather than a profit. Hence, the firm should produce less. Therefore, If the price of output decreases, the firm's optimal level of output will. The optimal output level of the company will decrease if the price of output declines. Option (C) is the correct answer.

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A cash discount is sometimes taken on the amount of trade discount.(4 points)True or False. The answer to this question is True.

A trade discount is a discount offered by a seller or supplier to incentivize large orders or frequent purchases from the same customer.

A cash discount is a price cut granted by the seller to the buyer for the quick payment or settlement of an outstanding account or bill.

In some cases, a cash discount is offered on the amount of trade discount as well.

This means that the buyer will get an additional price cut on the discounted rate if they pay early. As a result, the price reduction is double.

This is advantageous for the buyer because they receive a discount on the original price and an additional discount on the trade discount. As a result, the buyer will save more money.

Therefore, the statement "A cash discount is sometimes taken on the amount of trade discount" is TRUE.

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Messages like these are much more safely expressed via nonverbal channels as they convey the message without being too direct and nonverbal cues can be ambiguous, which may lead to misinterpretation.Given the options, the correct answer is option D, both A and B.

When sizing up others, we tend to provide nonverbal cues about our attitude towards them. We may not share these feelings verbally due to various reasons as mentioned below:Option (a): Messages like these are much more safely expressed via nonverbal channels. Nonverbal channels are much safer for sending and receiving messages related to personal feelings as it may not cause conflicts that are caused by verbal expressions. Nonverbal cues can be safer for showing our attitude towards someone who might be our friends, partners, or colleagues.

Option (b): Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous and you may be misinterpreting them. As nonverbal communication is not clearly defined and requires proper interpretation, it can sometimes be misleading. It may convey a different message than what was intended.Option (c): Verbal expressions are unreliable. Verbal expressions are reliable if they are clearly defined and convey the message accurately. However, if the expression is unclear or vague, it may convey a different message and lead to confusion and conflicts.

Option (d): Both a and b. Messages like these are much more safely expressed via nonverbal channels as they convey the message without being too direct and nonverbal cues can be ambiguous, which may lead to misinterpretation.Given the options, the correct answer is option D, both A and B.

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A balance sheet is a financial statement that displays the accounting value of a company as of a specific date. Statements of cash flows, the balance sheet, the statement of stockholders' equity, and the income statement.

The 5 different financial statement kinds you should be aware of

Revenue statement. Possibly the most significant.

2. A statement of cash flows.

3. The balance sheet.

Fourth Note to Financial Statements.

5. A statement of equity change.

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Small-denomination certificates of deposits are Included in M2 but not M1. The correct option is B.

Small-denomination certificates of deposit (CDs) are time deposits with fixed terms and predetermined interest rates that are issued by banks. They are regarded as a component of the money supply and are reflected in the more inclusive M2 measure of money. In addition to M1's components (cash, demand deposits, and traveler's checks), M2 also includes some time deposits, such as savings accounts, money market deposit accounts, and small denomination certificates of deposit (CDs).

M1 is the narrowest definition of the money supply and only includes the most liquid forms of money such as physical currency and demand deposits. Small denomination CDs are included in M2 but they are not included in M1. The correct option is B.

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a. The new value of the portfolio is $334,540.

b. The portfolio earned a return of approximately 67.27%.

c. The new portfolio weights are: GoldFinger - 4.75%, Moosehead - 2.58%, Venture Associates - 92.67%.

a. To calculate the new value of the portfolio, we need to multiply the number of shares held for each stock by the new share price and sum them up.

GoldFinger:

53% of $200,000 = 0.53 * $200,000 = $106,000

New value = 0.53 * $30 = $15,900

Moosehead:

16% of $200,000 = 0.16 * $200,000 = $32,000

New value = 0.16 * $54 = $8,640

Venture Associates:

Remaining amount = $200,000 - $106,000 - $32,000 = $62,000

New value = $62,000 * $5 = $310,000

Total new value of the portfolio = $15,900 + $8,640 + $310,000 = $334,540

b. To calculate the return of the portfolio, we need to find the percentage change in the total value of the portfolio.

Return = (New value - Initial value) / Initial value * 100%

Return = ($334,540 - $200,000) / $200,000 * 100%

Return ≈ 67.27%

c. To calculate the new portfolio weights, we divide the value of each stock by the total value of the portfolio.

GoldFinger weight = $15,900 / $334,540 * 100%

GoldFinger weight ≈ 4.75%

Moosehead weight = $8,640 / $334,540 * 100%

Moosehead weight ≈ 2.58%

Venture Associates weight = $310,000 / $334,540 * 100%

Venture Associates weight ≈ 92.67%

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To calculate the payback period and net present value (NPV) of the two projects, Project AA and Project BB, the following steps will be used.

Step 1: Determine the Payback Period We can determine the payback period by summing the cash inflows of each project until they equal the initial cost of the projects. The project with the shortest payback period is generally considered the better investment. Project AA Year Cash Inflows ($)Cumulative Cash Inflows ($)11,0001,00029,00034,000The cumulative cash inflows in the second year were $1,000 + $10,000 = $11,000. This amount, when added to the first year's cumulative cash inflow, which is $1,000, equals $12,000. We'll continue doing this till the cumulative cash inflows are equal to the initial cost of the project, which is $38,000. We calculate the same for each year below: Year 3: $12,000 + $16,000 = $28,000Year 4: $28,000 + $18,000 = $46,000Since the cumulative cash inflows of $46,000 at year 4 are greater than the initial cost of $38,000, the payback period for Project AA is less than 4 years. To calculate the exact payback period, we use the following formula: Payback period = A + (B / C)A = Last year with a negative cash flow B = Absolute value of cash flow at the end of that year C = Total cash flow during the year in question

Step 2: Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV)We can determine the net present value (NPV) of each project by discounting the cash inflows at the required yearly rate of return (R) and then subtracting the initial cost of the projects from the present value of the cash inflows. Project AA Discount factor = 1 / (1 + R)^n, where n = number of years Year Cash Inflows ($)Discount Factor (8%)Present Value ($)1 6,0000.9266,958.142 10,0000.8579,115.643 16,0000.79313,092.684 18,0000.73513,231.30Net Present Value (NPV) of Project AA = $6,397.76 - $38,000Net Present Value (NPV) of Project AA = -$31,602.24Project BBD is count factor = 1 / (1 + R)^n, where n = number of years Year Cash Inflows ($)Discount Factor (8%)Present Value ($)1 18,0000.92616,684.802 16,0000.85713,712.643 10,0000.7937,930.694 6,0000.7354,410.00Net Present Value (NPV) of Project BB = $42,737.14 - $38,000Net Present Value (NPV) of Project BB = $4,737.14Therefore, Project BB is preferred over Project AA based on the net present value (NPV) of each project.

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Printing too much money leads to inflation in the economy. When there is too much money in circulation, consumers are able to purchase more goods and services. This results in a general increase in the price of goods and services, which is known as inflation. As a result, the purchasing power of money decreases, and people are forced to spend more money to purchase the same goods and services.

The government has the power to print money, and it does so by ordering the printing of new money bills or issuing electronic currency through the central bank. The central bank is in charge of producing and releasing currency into the economy.

When the government prints money, it creates new debt because it is essentially creating new money without any corresponding assets or goods. As a result, the money must eventually be paid back with interest. The government will pay back this money by issuing bonds and other forms of debt, which can be sold to investors. The investors who purchase these bonds will be repaid with interest by the government when the bonds mature.

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In the context of the continuum of collective bargaining relations, the bargaining pattern that is relatively rare in U.S. labor history and illegal is the pattern of "Yellow-dog contracts" or "Yellow-dog agreements."

Yellow-dog contracts refer to employment agreements in which workers are required to agree not to join or support a labor union as a condition of employment.

These agreements effectively restrict workers' rights to engage in collective bargaining or form labor unions, denying them the ability to advocate for better working conditions, wages, and benefits. Such contracts are considered highly anti-union and infringe upon workers' rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining.

Yellow-dog contracts were more prevalent in the early 20th century when labor movements were actively suppressed and unions faced significant opposition from employers. However, the Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 and subsequent labor laws, including the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, made yellow-dog contracts illegal.

The NLRA protects workers' rights to engage in collective bargaining, form unions, and engage in concerted activities for their mutual aid and protection. It established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce these rights and provide remedies for unfair labor practices.

While yellow-dog contracts are relatively rare in contemporary U.S. labor relations due to their illegality, there can still be instances where employers attempt to restrict workers' rights through other means.

It is crucial for workers and unions to be aware of their rights and for the NLRB to enforce the law to prevent any violations and protect workers' collective bargaining rights.

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